Mar
19
James Carroll: The Many Forms of Fundamentalism
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http://www.commondreams.org/views07/0319-21.htm
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This is a fine article, well aware of the nuances of religious belief, internal currents of the Catholic Church, and the common threads in various fundamentalisms. Fundamentalism is truly a social phenomenon that has a lot more to do with global social challenges than it does with the internal precepts of any religion.
As a practicing Catholic, I appreciate a fair hearing on what fundamentalism is inside the church as well as the implicit recognition that non-fundamentalist Christianity can be socially engaging and relevant in the exchange and negotiation of values.
Thanks to the author for anchoring the discussion in a Vatican statement on fundamentalism that represents the church’s capacity for relevance and mature discussion of religion in the world today. That’s good for Catholics and non-Catholics alike, and it gives credibility to those of us claiming both Christian and progressive identities.
Too bad the official church–being managed by well-trained and scholarly bishops–finds itself infected by forces of fundamentalism that fly in the face of many hundreds of years of intellectual tradition and the hopeful pronouncements of its one true dialogue with modernity–the Second Vatican Council–which was held over 40 years ago. There’s been a lot working against intellect and hope in the years since.
The essence of fundamentalism as a psychological phenomenon, in my view, is the splitting of one’s worldview into opposites with no middle ground, into black and white with no gray, and the individual’s or group’s identification with one of the opposites. I am good, you are evil, for example. My god is good, your god is evil. My values are right, your values are wrong. Christianity is good, Islam is evil. Red is good, blue is evil.
Identification with an extreme polar view completely obstructs the capacity to see the world from the other’s point of view. Empathy is impossible. Further, its impossible to discern and value the shades of gray between white and black. It is impossible to find common ground. Dialogue of significance cannot occur.
My sense is that individuals are attracted to fundamentalism in times of fear and uncertainty, when life is overwhelming, when the felt need for the security of feeling certain outweighs the need or desire for understanding and meaning. So, I don’t think fundamentalism provides true meaning; it supplies an illusion, an anchor of psychological comfort and safety.
I’m not a Catholic. But, I have the sense of Catholicism being a living religion, one in which the symbols are alive, and thus within Catholicism one may have a psychologically healthy relationship with the depths of the psyche. On the other hand, the Catholic Church has many leaders and authority figures who need the security and certainty a fundamentalistic orientation to life provides. They are unable to bear the tension of opposites, and they split into an identification with, in most cases, the “good.” Psychologically health Catholics have a duty to provide leadership with respect to such individuals and the harm they may do as a consequence of their psychological condition.
I agree that fundamentalism, with its absolutes and its polarities, provides a measure of security to those experiencing crisis, but it also serves as a mechanism that empowers. It’s ironic that often fundamentalism seems to mobilize political resistance. I am thinking of how islamic fundamentalism positions itself as resistance against the hegemonic West and globalization.
I agree completely. I was thinking of it in terms of providing certainty and security, but it also provides a sense of power. There’s a great book entitled, Archetype of the Apocalypse, by Edward Edinger, in which he discusses the power one acquires by identifying with the divine — which I think is true of both Osama bin Laden and George Bush. Both men feel called upon by their gods to combat evil, and they view each other as the object of evil. This kind of fundamentalism is profoundly empowering, not only for the individual who is identified with it, but for others around the individual. This may explain in part why Bush enjoyed so much blind support early on as he mounted his white horse. Edinger’s perspective is that of a depth psychologist. He would see people like Bush and bin Laden as being “possessed” by forces beyond the control of their egos. I think this is an important point. When someone is possessed and given to engaging in thoughtless behavior, they are incapacitated and any formal authority they hold should be taken away.
Remember, behind every fundamentalist is a fundament!
Thanks to Mr. Carroll for showing us that not all fundamentalisms are alike. I have a few observations, questions, and comments. I welcome continued dialogue.
I don’t believe fundamentalism has to be militant, so I have problems with Almond’s definition of it. Western Catholic fundamentalism isn’t necessarily militant. Yes, fundamentalism is militant and dangerous when it rejects or minimizes the peace teachings that are found in all religions.
I’m not sure I understand what Mr. Carroll was saying is dangerous about fundamentalism. In paragraph 3 he says, “The impulse may begin with good intentions, the wish to affirm basic values and sources of meaning…”. Is the desire to identify basic values, values that can hold a society together and give meaning to life, dangerous and wrong? Is trying to understand the sources of meaning suicidal? Don’t all religious people, not just fundamentalists, and philosophers, even those from the Enlightenment, try to understand the source of meaning, truth, etc.?
Is the “enlightened” movement, after 300 years, only now beginning to criticize itself? What took so long? The fundamentalist movement has been criticized for some time within religious circles, as well as fundamentalist circles.
Is a fundamental approach any more dangerous than an “enlightened” approach that rejects religion as folly and superstition? To where has the emphasis and reliance on science and technology brought us? To the brink of extinction? Perhaps if we still fought wars with sticks and knives, instead of missiles and atomic bombs, they wouldn’t be so bloody or cause so many innocent, civilian casualties.
All religions, not just the “old-time religion”, are threatened by new technologies, globalization, the market economy, and rampant individualism. These may “make for 21st century life” but that doesn’t mean they are right and good for society or culture and that we shouldn’t struggle to minimize the effects.
“Culture consists precisely in negotiation of values”, says Mr. Carroll. This is precisely the type of “enlightened” statement that fundamentalists would have trouble with. Sure, we need to negotiate and identify key, core values. But are there not values that are not negotiable? I believe the Pope is correct on the value of “human life”. This is a value that is non-negotiable and should be present in all cultures. Without this value, and the laws to protect it, anarchy would reign. The interpretation of values must, should, and does change from one culture to another and within each culture over time. We should identify our inconsistencies of interpretation. To me, the Just War Theory is inconsistent with the value of human life that the Pope correctly proclaims. How does the theory or practice of it promote the value of human life? Whose life? It seems someone’s life must be more valuable than another’s in order to justify the extermination of it.
Mr. Carroll does make a good point that we should not put too much reliance on papal bulls, encyclicals, or exhortations. These seem to change as frequently as the change of popes. Intellectual suicide results from believing one person (or one movement) has the truth, not from the impulse to identify basic values and the sources of meaning.
Thanks again, Mr. Carroll, for a stimulating article.
“… the contemporary resurgence of conservative christianity comes in a time when people are tired of rapid social and technological change and when the events that can end the existence of all those that are living are at once real and immediate, yet unimaginable and perhaps beyond human efforts to control … we can identify a deep sense of futility about real events as the possible key factor. … I call giving up on reality and withdrawing into fantasy and fiction by a different name: decadence. For me, christianity is simply a cleaner form of decadence than recreational drugs, perverse sex, or rock and roll.”
Edmund D Cohen, “The Mind of the Bible Beliver”.
Althought the two words are interchangable, I find it useful to distinguish between “belief” and “faith” and maintain that having too many beliefs is often a sign of little faith.
This is especially so when one feels that one must hold on to one’s beliefs for dear life, so to speak.
In my opinion, this was a much more meaningful and useful article than Sam’s a few days ago
http://www.commondreams.org/views07/0316-31.htm
sampedrano, you made some interesting points, but I believe the “fundmental” difference between “fundamentalism” and a secular liberal worldview is that the latter is in a constant process of self-critique,rejects absolutes, and challenges presumptive authority.
I agree that at base, the rejection of absolute values and absolute truth has brought us to the point of global self-destruction, a mindless market mentality where profit defines “good”, but it has also brought about its own critique: that the “Enlightenment project” has been hisorically situated, not the model of universal human salvation, and based on illusory notions of “individualism.”
The problem I have is that I doubt very much if the world would be in a better place if fundamentalism had not been challenged and rejected by an empirical secular worldview.
Good article…Want to relay my most recent experience with Fundamentalism. My Catholic friend sent me information about Christians holding one minute of prayer everyday throughout the U.S. for our troops and for our country. I changed that a bit stating this need not be only for Christians and also we could pray for World Peace and forwarded it on to many others. She wrote back that we have to have victory over those who call us “infidals” not addressing us calling them “evil” and that she has been reading the bible for a year and it reveals how it goes back hundreds of years showing that they wish to kill us and if we are to “live” we have to win in the Middle East.
I believe that we are in an evolving universe with universal values….we are one whole…what we put out comes back to either enhance our species or to destroy it. Just look at where we are. Has individualism served us well? Is it about time that we buried “competition” and now become cooperative human being realizing that we are co-creators on this planet called Earth?
DaveH has some good thoughts about this. In my view the tendency to exclude middle ground and to fortify borders is a universal human phenomenon. not restricted to religious views and movements. It seems to be the essence of tribalism, from its most primitive manifestations (clans) to larger modern collectives such as the Israelis and Palestinians (who have maintained their tribal identities across the centuries) and even larger cultural groups (Arabs, Europeans, etc.) Our tendency to form cults, guilds, street gangs, sects, nations, factions, is not something that is going to go away for us. Inherent in this natural division of self and other is the danger of allowing an evolution to its own extreme, at which the other becomes a threat to the identity of self. Add to that the reality of coercive weaponery (which includes church dogma - the withholding of communion) and many of the nastier aspects of modern society are explained.
DaveN’s second post is also insightful. As a painter I can tell you that it is a (perhaps romantic) goal of art students to be “possessed” by an aesthetic vision, in the tradition of Van Gogh and others. As individualists these people often opt for eccentricity, i.e. choose to follow their private “lunacy,” rather than to attempt to win followers, though this has also been the case with art movements, especially in the early 20th century. Possession, in the sense of transcending ones ego or being “seized” by a deeper reality, has long been the goal of artists and mystics, and it would be a mistake for societies not to make accommodation for those among us who shun the norm and listen to their inner voices. Dave is right, however, that it is probably a bad idea to give them guns or put them in charge of foreign policy.
With regard to fundamentlism as inherently militant, I believe it is. Perhaps central to the human condition is the constant redefinition of “self” and “other.” Fundamentlalism, as it fortifies those borders and bases its claims on divine revelation, precludes empathy and compassion because it removes “other” from the moral universe. This creates the conditions for violence and war.
I don’t believe separating self and other is necessarily the strongest drive that motivates human behavior, but it is potentially the most destructive. Wjile we may not be able to overcome these impulses, we can be aware of them and try to control their deadlier consequences.
“But what happens when Catholics stop thinking of themselves as sheep?”
Then they stop being catholic. They are catholics because they need a religion, many people need and has needed religion yesterday and today; religiosity is a widespread mindset, but certainly it’s not the only one, so if you cease to need a shepherd or a consolator or some afterdeath promise, most probably you won’t need a religion either.
From the last day of summer
Machi
could not current day liberalism describe itself as both fundamentlist amd liberalism?
correction
to lst entry
couldn’t current day liberalism describe itself as both a fundamentalist and militaristic belief?
If you mean neo-liberal globalization, then yes. If you are talking about the progressive movement, it must be no. Progressive, at least in my mind is creative, changing, responding to the environment. And completely non-authoritarian. It is all about sharing power and responsibility.
jp, let me make one final comment on fundamentalism being inherently militant. One dictionary defines a fundamentalist as a person that “stresses the infallibility of the Bible . . ., holding as essential to Christian faith belief in such doctrines as the creation of the world, the virgin birth, physical resurrection, atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ, and the Second Coming. Personally, I believe all of the above except Biblical infallibility. Am I a fundamentalist? Am I 5/6ths fundamentalist? Am I a neo-fundamentalist? Actually, I’m a pacifist. I know other pacifists who believe all six of the above tenets. I don’t know why some fundamentalists are suicide bombers and others are pacifists. I can only speak to my own situation where I try to look at my Protestant religion in a holistic way. The themes that seem the most important to me are love, grace, justice, peace, forgiveness, mercy, etc. This leads me to try and have a consistent pro-life stance such as pacifism, anti-abortion, anti-capital punishment, etc. A consistent pro-life stance will cut across both traditional conservative and liberal values. I believe the themes mentioned above can be found in all major religions. I can only guess that militant fundamentalists emphasize themes such as judgment, purity, revenge, etc. Why one person decides to choose one set of themes over the other remains a mystery to me. Any ideas?
“I can only guess that militant fundamentalists emphasize themes such as judgment, purity, revenge, etc. Why one person decides to choose one set of themes over the other remains a mystery to me. Any ideas?”
Let’s take just one of the monotheisms as example. The first half of the Bible, and to a lesser extent the second, is all about “judgment, purity, revenge, etc.” For whatever reason–perhaps their nature–some people will always be incapable of cherry picking verses from the Bible, or of imbuing them with enough nuance to render them harmless. To borrow a phrase from the heretic Sam Harris, for these people moderates will alway just be “failed fundamentalists.”
You can’t get rid of fundamentalism because it’s written in your books!!!
It’s funny to hear people speak of religious fundamentalism as a “new threat”, a “rising phenomenon”, etc. Fundamentalism is as old as the hills; it’s been around since Moses…no, before. People’s ears are perking up because now there are jet planes to fly into skyscrapers and high powered explosives to sport down the runway. Violent fundamentalism has been here through the ages!!! It’s not the nature of fundamentalism that has changed, it’s the opportunity to act on it.
You can intellectualize as long as you want about how fundamentalism empowers true-believers, sending them on sacred quest, or whatever (previous posts) — it’s not going to stop them from blowing your ass to kingdom-come with C4.
Here’s a radical notion: update the canon and delete the offensive passages; make a new canon that accords with what is thought true of God. How many Christians reading this (one, yes…okay, you!) would be willing to do this? If not, maybe ask yourself why. Dr. Jekyll, meet Mr. Hyde.
sampedrano, I think that to the extent that fundamentalism divides the world into an “us” versus “them” that is fortified through notions of divine and cosmic absolutes, then it has the potential for being violently militant. Compassion and empathy are based on allowing yourself to identify with another, and once that occurs, once the borders are shown to be false and the us versus them polarity is undermined, I think militant hatred of the “other” has lost its potency.
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